The most widely used xanthine is theophylline. The xanthines also have other activities mediated by their effects on different tissue phosphodiesterases including inhibition of platelet function and arterial vasodilation.
What kind of xanthine is theophylline?
Theophylline is an orally administered xanthine derivative that induces relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchial tree causing bronchodilation. Theophylline is widely used in therapy of asthma and is not believed to cause liver injury.
What is an example of xanthine?
Occurrence. The xanthine alkaloids include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, and are well-known components of tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea arabica), cola ingredients (Cola spp.), and cocoa (Theobroma cacao).
What classification is theophylline?
This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways so that they open up and you can breathe more easily.What is theophylline made up of?
Theophylline is a xanthine alkaloid, a methylxanthine chemically related to caffeine and theobromine. Along with caffeine, it is an active constituent of tea (Camellia sinensis), but it is commercially produced in pharmaceutical manufacture by chemical synthesis.
How is theophylline metabolized?
Theophylline is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 microsomal enzyme system, and a large number of factors may influence hepatic metabolism. Theophylline is predominantly metabolized by the CYP1A2 enzyme, while at higher plasma concentrations CYP2E1 is also involved (89).
Are theophylline and aminophylline the same?
Aminophylline is the ethylenediamine salt of theophylline. Theophylline stimulates the CNS, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscle. It relaxes certain smooth muscles in the bronchi, produces diuresis, and causes an increase in gastric secretion. Aminophylline is the ethylenediamine salt of theophylline.
What is the action of theophylline?
Theophylline relaxes the smooth muscles located in the bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels. It also reduces the airway responsiveness to histamine, adenosine, methacholine, and allergens.Is theophylline an anticholinergic?
anticholinergics, such as ipratropium, tiotropium, aclidinium and glycopyrronium. theophylline.
What is the function of theophylline?Theophylline is used to prevent and treat wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. It relaxes and opens air passages in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.
Article first time published onWhat kind of drugs are Xanthines?
Xanthines are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma symptoms.
What are hypoxanthine and xanthine?
This is a two-step reaction involving the formation of adenylosuccinate as an intermediate. Unsalvaged hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species.
What are theophylline medications?
Theophylline belongs to a group of medicines known as bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are medicines that relax the muscles in the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. They relieve cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing by increasing the flow of air through the bronchial tubes.
What is another name for theophylline?
Theophylline is available under the following different brand names: Theo 24, Theochron, Elixophyllin, aminophylline, and Uniphyl.
How does ipratropium work?
Ipratropium is in a class of medications called bronchodilators. It works by relaxing and opening the air passages to the lungs to make breathing easier.
Is caffeine a xanthine?
OVERVIEW. The xanthine derivatives are agents that resemble natural occurring xanthines such as caffeine, theobromine and methylxanthines. These are plant alkaloids and components of coffee, tea and chocolate.
Is aminophylline a vasodilator?
The increases in systemic, coronary, iliac and mesenteric resistances in- volved a-adrenergic mechanisms. These actions appear to involve autonomic mechanisms, because the only direct effect of aminophylline on the iliac artery was marked vasodilation.
What enzymes inhibit aminophylline?
Aminophylline is a methylxanthine and derivative of theophylline. Aminophylline relaxes smooth muscles, particularly bronchial muscles. This xanthine most likely exerts its effect by inhibiting cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterases, thereby increasing levels of the second messenger cAMP or cGMP intracellularly.
Where is aminophylline metabolized?
Theophylline metabolism occurs in the liver via the cytochrome CYP450 system. At lower concentration’s it is a substrate of CYP1A2, and at higher concentrations, CYP2E1 may also have involvement.
What are theophylline derivatives?
Theophylline derivatives include: Aminophylline (Truphylline, Phyllocontin) Theophylline (Aerolate III, Aerolate JR, Aerolate SR, Elixophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T/SR, Respbid, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo- Time, TheoCap, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theochron, Theolair, Truxophyllin, Uni-Dur, and Uniphyl)
Is theophylline an inducer or inhibitor?
Theophylline is a methylxanthine related to caffeine. It is a β‐adrenergic agonist and exerts its effect through inhibition of phosphodiesterase and induction of catecholamine release.
What is the mechanism of action of zileuton?
Zileuton relieves such symptoms through its selective inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. Specifically, it inhibits leukotriene LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 formation.
What is bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction?
Bronchodilation is the dilation of the airways in the lungs due to the relaxation of surrounding smooth muscle. It is the opposite of bronchoconstriction.
What causes bronchoconstriction?
Causes. The process of bronchoconstriction starts when something triggers the muscles along the airways to tighten. This squeezes the bronchi and bronchioles, which narrows your airway. In susceptible people, a variety of stimuli in the airway can cause tightening.
Is theophylline a corticosteroid?
Theophylline is not a steroid medicine. You still need to take your usual corticosteroid preventer medicine and any other add on medicines prescribed for your asthma to help you avoid symptoms.
Is theophylline a LABA?
Examples of LABA inhalers include Serevent (salmeterol), Foradil (formoterol), and Striverdi (olodaterol). Theophylline is another kind of long-acting bronchodilator medicine which comes as a tablet.
What causes bronchodilation?
An anticholinergic that blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in bronchial smooth muscle. Therapeutic Effect: Causes bronchodilation and inhibits nasal secretions.
What is the mechanism of action of ipratropium bromide?
Mechanism of Action Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent which, based on animal studies, appears to inhibit vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released at neuromuscular junctions in the lung.
Why is theophylline not used?
Theophylline is a relatively poor bronchodilator, as adverse effects limit the dose and make it less effective than inhaled bronchodilators. However, there is interest in exploring its antiinflammatory effects and its potential to reverse corticosteroid resistance at lower doses that would largely avoid side effects.
Is theophylline an acid or base?
Theophylline is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Theophylline is a bitter tasting compound. Theophylline is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cocoa beans and tea.
Who should not take theophylline?
a condition where the body is unable to maintain adequate blood flow called shock. third trimester of pregnancy. tobacco smoking. stop smoking.
